Eighteen years earlier, when Gueraula de Codines faced a similar hearing in Barcelona, she asserted that “she could diagnose a patient’s illness from his urine,” having been taught to do so by “a certain foreign doctor.” Clearly, her legal travails did not deter patients since three years later, she was back in court, claiming that many p

Anyone who did consult in this way should obtain as much contextual information as possible to avoid falling into the same trap as the eminent Parisian physician Guillaume Boucher (d. 1410). He examined a sample and confidently announced that it belonged to a man with stomach problems. The couriers burst out laughing because it was produced by a wo

For centuries, physicians used urine to diagnose disease, predict death, and even determine sexual history—analyzing its color, consistency, and contents with remarkable confidence. In the mid-thirteenth century, William of Rubruck, a Flemish Franciscan friar, traveled to the Mongol Empire. The main purpose of his visit was to undertake missionar

First and foremost, China’s debt reduction plan is essentially to use more debt to solve the existing debt. At present, due to several factors such as national defense, aging and social security expenditure pressure, the overall fiscal expenditure pressure of China’s government will continue to rise in the future. In particular, when the seriou

in 2009, then Prime Minister Wen Jiabao launched the “4 trillion yuan” economic stimulus plan. Specifically, the government would input 1.2 trillion yuan into the pool, and local governments would input the rest 2.8 trillion yuan. Nevertheless, if the local governments cannot come up with sufficient funds, the plan would ultimately face the fat